World War II and God: Shifting religious perspectives in the United States and Adventism

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In 2018, Christian polling firm Barna Group reported that the percentage of people who identify as atheist or agnostic doubled between people born from 1999 to 2015 and people born before 1946. Although engagement in faith practices such as prayer and Bible reading are similar throughout all generations, younger people are less likely than their elders to identify as Christian, according to another Barna Group study conducted in 2019.

Considering the huge role Christianity played in founding the United States, how did the religious identity of the country change so much within less than a century?

According to Chuck Underwood, a generational researcher and the founder of The Generational Imperative, Inc., World War II played a significant role in changing the United States’ religious mindset.

“After World War II, six million fighting people came home from the war with the mindset: ‘How can I worship a god who would let that war happen?’ Many came home and passed on that value to their Boomer kids, and Boomers to their kids, and so on.”

Although the mindset originated with the World War II Generation, aka “The Greatest Generation,” Underwood said this generation still embraced the traditional religion in which they were raised. The change in religious perspective more greatly impacted Baby Boomers’ lifestyle choices. 

“The prior generation said, ‘I need to fit my values to my religion.’ Boomers said, ‘I need to find a religion to fit my life,’” Underwood explained. “… Boomers wanted to explore or find faith or spirituality that fit more closely with their unique, core values. … [They] were the first to seek out a faith that fit their values, and they are still looking.”

Elie Graterol served the Adventist Church as a pastor for 17 years before becoming a full-time professor at Southern Adventist University’s School of Religion. While pastoring, he observed some of the traits Underwood reported among Adventist Baby Boomers.

Concerning Adventist conversion among Baby Boomers, Graterol said he saw mainly two patterns. He noticed that some Baby Boomers did not find fulfillment in pursuing self-gratification after rebelling against older generations’ values. They turned to the Church to find fulfillment and found it in Christianity. He also observed that some other Baby Boomers inherited their parents’ value of biblical principle and followed Adventism seriously.

Unlike the Baby Boomer generation, many people belonging to Generation X did not inherit a strong value of biblical principles from their parents, according to Graterol, who is also a member of Generation X.

“My generation was the result of this ‘free life’ of the Baby Boomers,” Graterol said. “A lot of unwanted babies are a part of my generation; a lot of divorce and brokenness are part of my generation. … So, my generation grew up without a point of reference simply because — and I am talking in a general way — they didn’t have parents — again in a general sense — who were with them and devoted time and attention and care and love toward them.”

Generation X grew up in a time where two-income households were more common, according to Underwood. Many Gen X children stayed at home alone while both their parents worked. In addition, Underwood noted that technology at that time was mostly solitary, unlike today when people can interact virtually through social media.

Because of this, Graterol noticed members of Generation X tend to value a sense of community in church. However, their desire for fellowship is not as strong as that of their successors, the Millennial Generation. 

“Millennials, in particular, they will not come to church looking for theology,” Graterol said. “If they are looking for theology, they will just research it in Wikipedia or Google because they have access to that. They come to church because they are broken. They are looking for a place to belong.”

The spiritual and emotional damage caused by World War II trickled down to younger generations in the United States and in the Adventist Church. As a result, people today may approach religion differently from previous generations. However, the root of the situation remains the same for all: a desire to fill an emptiness and heal the brokenness in their lives.

The Great ‘Age’ Controversy

By Sam Oliveira

Let’s take a leap back to the 1800s. It was around that time that the Seventh-day Adventist church came into existence. Shortly after the Great Disappointment of Oct. 22, 1844, the denomination formed, and today it has over 20 million members.

Upon reading Seeking a Sanctuary, a book written by Malcolm Bull and Keith Lockhart, I realized how prophecy helped galvanize the early Adventist pioneers. They focused on what would happen in the last days, preaching and teaching about how people should give their lives to Jesus and how many would suffer persecution before Christ’s faithful return. 

However, that wasn’t all. Early Adventists were fixed on finding out exactly when Jesus was coming. They would vigorously study scripture trying to decipher everything they could. 

“Adventists nonetheless became obsessive watchers of the ‘Signs of the Times,’ producing a succession of individuals who provided an almost continuous apocalyptic commentary on national and international events,” Bull and Lockhart wrote.

The focus on the end times became a massive phenomenon in the church and is still talked about today. 

The problem with today? Many have been pushing prophecy for so long that any occurrence around the world causes “the church’s eschatology [to thrive] whenever there is political disorder or natural disaster,” according to the authors.

I honestly can’t remember the last time a tsunami or decision made by the Pope wasn’t preached about in relation to the end times. 

It’s easy for the older generation to pinpoint those occurrences as an apocalyptic event, but as Bull and Lockhart state, that’s not always the case. While many of the disasters around the globe may be related to the end times, “Adventist apocalyptic does not always flourish in crisis situations.”

Must we continue to be vigilant? Of course. Prophecy is just as important today as it was in the early days of the denomination and, perhaps, even more so. However, the major obsession that the early pioneers initiated may or may not have hindered how the Millennial generation has responded to an imminent event that has existed for 177 years.

Do younger Adventists have a different perspective on this issue? Let’s continue to dive deeper and learn how prophetical views have continued to evolve and adapt over the generations. 

María José Morán – Kneeling is not just for praying

By María José Morán

The image is still vivid in my head. It was a Saturday night, and my family had just finished a short worship service to close the Sabbath. I cannot remember what kind of argument my parents and I had had over how difficult it was for me to find modest clothes that fulfilled every single requirement my parents had. 

My name is María José, and I was born in the beautiful country of Honduras, which might explain why my parents were so strict. I have lived all over Central America due to my dad’s job in the Adventist Church and have gotten to live a variety of experiences because of it. These experiences have ultimately contributed to who I am today– a journalism student in search of her purpose in the world and in the church. 

Despite all my bizarre experiences in the church, my love for God and the Seventh-day Adventist Church is stronger than ever. This love leads me to explore “unresolved” issues in my mind. Who has God called me to be? What is my role within the church? How do my talents and beliefs fit in the church? Do they fit in at all? 

Well, in order for me to fit in the church as a young lady, my parents emphasized the concept of modesty a lot. So one night, with the intent of making a statement, my parents asked me to kneel, so they could point out the length of the skirt I was wearing and emphasize whether it met the requirements or not. Something about that moment stuck with me forever. Did Jesus really care that much about the length of my skirts? Or the length of my sleeves? If he didn’t care, why did my parents care? I felt like I loved Jesus, but did he love me less because my skirt did not reach below my knee? 

Years of this back-and-forth debate over modesty constantly reminded me of all the things I disagreed with my parents about. Were we convicted of different things? Did older people understand more things than younger people? Was I missing an important part of Biblical theology? 

Over a decade later, my parents and I still disagree on the nitty-gritty of many things. From topics such as modesty, worship, and even homosexuality and the LGBTQ+ community, we still cannot see eye-to-eye on many Adventist “details.” However, I am now an adult, and my relationship with the Lord has only strengthened with the passing of the years. 

It is true that God convicts everyone of different things, and we all have personal beliefs and practices because of it. But, if my parents have been the ones who raised me, and they passed down their beliefs to me, why then do I have viewpoints that strongly contradict theirs? 

After years of pondering over our differences, I have reached a simple yet complicated conclusion. Our core beliefs are the same, but our beliefs on some doctrines are different. This has led me to believe that because we are the same in so many ways, our differences boil down to generational differences. 

These generational differences are what I am determined to research. How come we all serve and love the same God, yet disagree in the ‘nitty gritty’ of things? 

Alva Johnson – Somewhere in the middle: A Gen Xer’s experience navigating generational differences in the SDA church

“I have been young, and now am old …”

David, the Psalmist, penned those profound words while reflecting on a life of countless blessings. For those of us stuck somewhere between young and old, there’s also much to be thankful for, including the opportunity to serve as a bridge between generations.

I am Alva James-Johnson, a professor in the School of Journalism and Communication at Southern Adventist University. As the co-instructor for our Interactive Journalism class, it’s my job to guide and mentor students as they develop their abilities to make sense of the world around them and utilize their communication skills to transfer information and knowledge to others.

I also realize that as a middle-aged Gen Xer, the way that I see the world may be very different from that of my Millennial students, in the same way that some of my views differ from those of my parents who are part of the Silent Generation.

Yet, every generation shares the same thirst for truth, purpose and meaning. Therefore, it takes older generations gently guiding younger ones through the complexity of life to help fill in the gaps. I believe we will all arrive safely if God is, ultimately, our guide.

As a fourth-generation Seventh-day Adventist who raised two fifth-generation Adventist young adults in the post-modern age, I recognize the pitfalls that exist on that journey. Therefore, I consider myself a bridge between those who went before me and those coming behind.

Transfering religious beliefs from one generation to the next is tricky business, and I suspect my students will experience the same dilemma when it’s their turn to pass on the baton.

But what will the Seventh-day Adventist denomination look like at that time? How will the core beliefs be different or the same? What are the shifts taking place right now that could affect what it means to be an Adventist for future generations?

I look forward to learning from my students as they explore the generational divide, and I invite you to join us!

Josue Vega – Secrets and Saints: Investigating the generational rift about taboo topics in the SDA church

Hi! My name is Josue Vega. I’m 22 years old and a third-generation Seventh-day Adventist Christian from Puerto Rico. I currently study mass communication with an emphasis in media production at Southern Adventist University. I love any sort of art that involves storytelling—films, books, dance, and music. 

Here’s another thing about me: I’ve always relished a good secret. Whether it was for the power it made me feel like I had, or for the delicious feeling of being in the know, I was always intrigued to find out what happened behind the scenes of everyone’s life. Knowing what was going on behind the stiff, smiling masks of so many felt like an intimate connection, and I basked in that feeling whenever I got the chance.

It didn’t take me long to find out, however, that not everyone felt the same way about secrets.

 “Keep that under wraps, you don’t want to ruin their reputation,” is a sentence that many of us heard growing up, and I was no exception. 

It was the go-to warning statement from adults who knew they had said too much in front of little ears and wanted to keep the situation controlled. Of course, this was often hard for us younger ones because we longed to investigate the secret and announce our discoveries. 

As we grew older, however, we realized that some secrets were not just disappointing to keep, but dangerous. And many of us felt like they had to be revealed.

But does this discrepancy between the generations extend to how the Seventh-day Adventist church handles its secrets? Is the old stereotype of the older saints desperately dragging secrets into the shadows in order to preserve the church’s reputation, while the younger generation claws them into the light, a true one? 

And what happens behind closed doors, when shocking untold stories come to light or taboo topics are breached? Is there a difference in beliefs between the generations over how such matters should be handled? I’ve heard a great number of secrets in my time. I’ve also seen how they’ve been handled by different generations, either to their benefit or destruction. 

So, let’s investigate some church taboo subjects together, and hopefully, we can learn a lot from them. At the very least, we can learn from the damages that have been caused to our denomination. Let’s do some detective work together, shall we?

Zach Roberts – ‘A Stark Contrast in Perspectives’: Exploring SDA generational differences as a non-Adventist

Hi, my name is Zach Roberts. I am a senior at Southern Adventist University. Although I am not a member of any Adventist congregation, I attend one every weekend, and I have worked at an Adventist summer camp and now attend an Adventist university, of course. I like to say I am 60% Adventist (at least), but I am not a member. 

I was first introduced to Adventism when I was 17 years old. Prior to that, I I had not heard of the religion. Now, my life is full of Adventists. Probably over 80% of the people I know and interact with fall under that category.

When I am at Southern Adventist University, I am surrounded by Adventists. When I am back home and attending Statesville Seventh-day Adventist Church, I am surrounded by Adventists. But the experience could not be more different. Why? At first glance, there is a quick answer to that question. And, as with a lot of things, it’s largely demographic.

At school, I’m largely interacting with 18–24-year-olds, with a few exceptions. At home and at church, it’s much more of a 50+ (emphasis on the plus) range, with, of course, a few exceptions. 

Yes, being Adventist results in quite a few common ideologies, such as the Sabbath, what’s clean to eat and many other things. But there is a stark contrast in perspectives. On things that aren’t necessarily taught in the church, there’ has been a fairly drastic shift from one generation to the next, in my personal experience. 

That’s what makes this so interesting to me. I see the differences first-hand. I live them out. One place feels a lot different than the other, despite seemingly being in similar surroundings. I think that, through research this semester, my experience will be borne out through the data. There is a generational divide in the church, as with everything in the world these days, and it only seems to be widening. 

Not being an Adventist lends me a unique perspective to this, but it also leaves me with a few questions. Most of the people I’m around at school come from similar environments as my home church, so why does this divide exist? Why is it such a powerful divide? Is this universal across different areas? There’s only one way to find out.

Frank Canizares – Generational differences in SDA Hispanic churches: It’s time to investigate

Hello, My name is Frank Canizares, and throughout the years I have noticed a generational divide among Hispanic Seventh-day Adventists. The gap underscores various perspectives regarding secular issues such as science and politics, as well as spiritual matters such as worship and modesty.

Conservatives vs. Liberals. These two stances have defined and divided church members into different groups.

As a student taking an Interactive Journalism course at Southern Adventist University, I will explore this topic through conversations, research and recollection based on my personal experience as someone who grew up in the Hispanic Seventh-day Adventist community, left the church for a period of time and then returned within recent years.

A religious practitioner of the faith, I was always involved in church activities during my childhood. That involvement provided me with a window through which I observed the range of behaviors among brethren practicing and promulgating their beliefs.

After years of wandering in the world – away from God and the church – I returned to an environment where some people with whom I grew up had, in my opinion, maintained certain positions, which throughout the years had defined them.

By observing their viewpoints, the ways they worshipped, how they dressed and practiced religion, I could detect an unspoken division among church members. Even though none of it played a role in my departure, the differences between young and old are intriguing.

However, it is important to note that the religious divide is not a defined line drawn in the sand. The differences sometimes fluctuate depending on one’s education, upbringing, and the influence parents have had on one’s outlook on life. The type of church a person attended as a child could also impact his or her formative years. That influence could define viewpoints, habits and a person’s overall character, regardless of age and generation.

It is my desire to research the origins and development of this issue. So, let’s embark on this journey together!

Megan Yoshioka – Views on marriage: Is it truly a divide or just a difference of opinion?

Hi, my name is Megan Yoshioka. I am 21 years old and currently majoring in mass communication with an emphasis in writing and editing. I was born on the Millennial/Gen Z cusp and raised by two Gen Xers in an Adventist household.

About a year ago, my dad and I were listening to a podcast in the car. In that podcast, the speaker strongly advocated for traditional marriage roles where the man is the breadwinner and the woman is the homemaker.

I was annoyed by this position and vocalized my irritation to my dad. He responded to me by asking, “Why?” He stated that there is nothing wrong with traditional marriage roles.

And he was right. There is nothing wrong with traditional marriage roles if that is the lifestyle both spouses agree to live out. I do not have a problem with the role, only the expectation that I should not pursue or prioritize a career outside of homemaking simply because I am female. 

Growing up, my family encouraged me to study and work hard. I developed a strong work ethic and have carried it with me into college so I can earn a degree and start a career in writing. I explained to my dad that if I decide to get married in the future, I do not want to give up or be expected to give up a career I have worked so hard to achieve. If I were to give it up, I would feel that all my time, money, and effort would have been wasted by going to college.

My dad then told me that not everyone would agree with my line of thinking. He said that while he was attending Pacific Union College thirty years ago, he knew many women who went to an Adventist college in order to find a husband. 

I was surprised by this statement and confused by the word “many.” During my past three years at Southern Adventist University, I have only met one woman who said she wanted to become a wife and mother for her primary career. The majority of women I have met are equally as driven as I am to pursue a career outside of homemaking and motherhood, whether it be in medicine, dentistry, journalism, or graphic design. 

My dad and I both realized that a generational gap could have influenced our different views of marriage. This conversation sparked my interest in learning more about different generational values and opinions, especially within the Adventist church. Is there truly a generational divide like my dad and I hypothesized, or were our differences of opinion simply just that?

Sam Oliveira – ‘How long is soon?’: Exploring generational views about Christ’s Second Coming

Hi. My name is Sam Oliveira, and I’m a senior journalism major at Southern Adventist University. In my Interactive Journalism class, we will be exploring the topic of the generational divide within the Seventh-day Adventist church.

 I will be investigating whether church members’ acceptance of prophecy has changed over the decades. Have previous generations looked at prophecy differently than current believers? Have the Millennial and GenZ generations become fatigued with the subject? We constantly hear that the time is near and that Jesus is coming, but do we really believe it will happen during our lifetime?  Evangelists have been preaching it for so long!

I am passionate about investigating this issue because I have always been intrigued by prophecy and the Biblical books of Daniel and Revelation. 

Growing up in Brazil within the context of a conservative Advenstist household, I heard constantly about the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. I found the topic  fascinating because the Bible was packed with prophetic eschatology. There was so much information available that I wondered how people could ignore it. 

Eventually, my family moved to Chicago, and that’s where I embarked on a journey to understand prophecy at a deeper level. On one occasion, SDA Evangelist Mark Finley came to my church with his “Amazing Facts” series. While delivering one of his sermons, he decoded  prophecy and broke it down in the simplest way. It was amazing, and it made me feel like I finally could understand all the “gibberish” that was Daniel and Revelation. 

Sure, I knew some of the symbolism, but it never quite made sense to me until that day.

However,  I’ve heard about the end times since I was a child. Back then, I thought it was awesome that Jesus was coming back to take all of us to Heaven. As I got older, my acceptance of the prophecy got stronger but weaker at the same time. While I am still excited for Jesus’ soon return, I question how long is soon. Have I been understanding prophecy correctly?  

The acceptance of prophecy is a niche topic that will be carefully researched. I will be adding interactive pieces to my story to  allow for a greater understanding of the issue. So, let’s embark on this journey together!